What Makes A Kahal

ויקהל משה. Why is this parsha said in front of thep resence of the entirety of Klal Yisrael? 

The Gemarah Taanis (11b) says אמר ר' ירמיה בר אבא: אין תענית ציבור בבבל, אלא תשעה באב בלבד. The Gemarah does not explain why and there are different opinions in the Rishonim ranging from a practical point Bavel did not as much rain and there was no need to create fast days for rain to halachik requirements of a nasi to establish a taanis on the tzibbur.  The Minchas Chinuch (284:24) explains the basis of the law is that a taanis tzibbur requires an actual tzibbur. Only in Eretz Yisrael does Klal Yisrael attain a chalos shem tzibbur. Outside the land, we are merely a collection of individuals acting together, but not a halachic kahal. Accordingly, he writes that even in Eretz Yisrael today—after the destruction and exile—since the full kedushas ha’aretz is lacking, there is no genuine chalos tzibbur. As a result, Hallel would not be recited even for miracles occurring in Eretz Yisrael today, since Hallel on a miracle depends on a functioning tzibbur. (See more about this here.) The Tzafnas Paneach Berachot (10:11) echoes the same idea. He roots the idea in the Gemarah Horiyos (3b) grounding it in Horiyos (3b) that says only a kahal in Eretz Yisrael is defined as a  kahal. Why is it only in E.Y. that there a chalos tzibbur, a kahal?  

E.Y. is the place where there is direct connection to Hashem. It is that connection to the Ultimate Oneness that joine together different people together as one unit. 

The Meshech Chachma Re'ah asks how in Shoftim Ch. 2 the people offered a korban on a bamah if the Mishkan in Shilo was already erected? He explains that since the Aron was not present in the Mishkan there is no issur bamos. The issur is only when the presence of the Aron is there. In other words, the Aron creates the presence of the Shechina in the Mishkan and that is the place that unites Klal Yisrael thereby forbidding private alters. If the Aron representing the Shechina is not present in the Mishkan, then there is no issur on making a bama. The Mikdash is a place where the Shechina is present and joins the Klal together. When there is a place for the klal that creates an issur on making individual, private alters. That issur depends on the Shechina being present in the Mikdash and that is represented by the Aron.   

The Chinuch #487 counts a lav of shechting a Pesach on a bamah. There is a specific prohibition for the korban Pesach since the holiday of Pesach is to commemorate Klal Yisrael becoming a nation and therefore it has to be offered as a national korban, as one nation, on a public alter. 

This is why the parsha of Mikdash and Shabbos is said after everyone is gathered together. These two mitzvot are mitzvot where one comes to a time and place elevated with the Presence of the Shechina and that units everyone together. 

103

The Ariza"l connects the sin of the egel (עגל גימטריא 103) with the 103 methods of derash that Yeravam had in Toras Kohanim (which is stated in Sanhedrin on daf 103.) This why when Yeravam had his turn to the dark side he made his own version of the egel. What is the connection? The sin of the egel was that Klal Yisrael didn't feel intellectually equipped to deal with the death of Moshe Rabbenu and hence they looked for a substitute in the form of a egel which is a calf, completely submitted to the desire of their master. The tikkun is to come to a level of Torah that is beyond the natural grasp of a person (see sicha Ki Sesa 5751.) 

The number 103 has prominence in a few other places. The Zohar Terumah (162b) that the 310 worlds that are promised to the tzaddikim are split into 2 parts of the chesed side and one part of the gevurah side and a third of 310 is 103. It is pointed out by the Beis Yaakov of Ishbitz in Vayigash that the word mincha is also gematria is also 103. It would seem from these citations that the number 103 is connected with gevurah (as noted in the past there are those that associate the time of mincha with a time of din.) The Ramban (32:1) also connects the egel to the shor of the merchava which is on the left side, the midday of din. I'm not sure what the connection is with the number 103 or if this relates to the first part. 

Megillah Prayer

The Shulchan Aruch (689:5) says מקום שאין מנין אם אחד יודע והאחרים אינם יודעין אחד פוטר את כולם ואם כולם יודעים כל אחד קורא טולעצמו. The Magen Avraham (cited in Mishne Berurah) says we see that we don't apply the rule of שומע כעונה unless there is a minyan present. Why is it different than shofar? He says Megillah is like tefillah that a minyan is required. (The Chachmas Shlomo suggests this is due to the fact that קרייתא זו הלילא.) However, at face value why is the Megillah compared to prayer? In light of the Rambam (Sefer Mitzvot katzar) that the point of the Megillah is to demonstrate that Hashem answers our prayers it is logical that the Megillah itself should be considered to bear the laws of tefillah. In light of the Briskor Rav's explanation that it is the tefillah of the tzibbur that is unique to Klal Yisrael that we demonstrate Hashem heeds, it is well understood that the Megillah will have the need to have the status of a tefillah bitzibbur. 

According to the Magen Avraham why is there a difference between if the people know how to read the Megillah themselves or not? The Gra says והוי זה כמ"ש בסוף ר"ה יחיד שלא בירך אין חבירו כו' וע"ש בר"ן וכ' שם ומיהו ה"מ בשיודע אבל בשאינו יודע חבירו מוציאו דהא שלשה דברים מוציא בירושלמי מן הכלל ק"ש ותפלה ובה"מ ואמרינן בברכות פ"ז שנים שאכלו כו' אבל אחד סופר כו'. In other words, we find the same concept by tefillah itself that when each individual knows the prayers, they must say it themselves but if someone doesn't know then one person can be motzei others. How does this work? It means that the basic din of שומע כעונה is in palce even when there is no minyan present but for the kium din of tzibbur that will be lacking unless said with a minyan. Or in other words, the law of שומע כעונה will be in place to say everyone said the Megillah but it is viewed as if everyone read the Megillah individually and they are not joined together. (צ"ע that the Magen Avraham seems to be saying there is no law of שומע כעונה at all with less than 10.)

Rav Biderman on the power of the act of prayer itself: וגם כאשר 'רואה ' שננעלו בפניו כל השערים , ולא מיבעיא ש 'שערי ההצלחה' סגורים וחתומים אלא אפילו שערי התפילה , שעומד ומתחנן פעמים רבות ולא נענה , אל יפול רוחו בקרבו אלא יחזור ויתפלל , ובוודאי ישמע א-ל ויענהו . צא ולמד מדברי חז"ל (מגילה יב :) על הפסוק (אסתר ב ה ) 'איש יהודי היה בשושן הבירה ושמו מרדכי בן יאיר בן שמעי בן קיש' – שהקיש על שערי רחמים ונפתחו לו, ולכאורה עיקר מעלתו של מרדכי ש 'נפתחו' לו שערי רחמים , ואם כן היה צריך לומר 'בן יפתח', ומדוע נקטו 'בן קיש', אלא ללמדנו על גדולתו של מרדכי שלא התייאש לנוכח הגזירה, ואף שידע כל אשר נעשה , מכל מקום עמד והקיש שערי רחמים, מתוך האמונה בכוחה של תפילה, והיא שעמדה לבטל את הגזירה , והיא היא גדולתו.

.ושמע נא למה שביאר הגה "ק רבי אליהו מאיזמיר זי"ע (בעל ה'שבט מוסר' בספרו תהלות ה ' על מזמור כב) בלשון המזמור 'על איילת השחר' שהוא מעניינו של יום, כי כך אמרה אסתר המלכה 'אלוקי אקרא יומם ולא תענה' ואף על פי כן לא התייאשתי אלא 'ולילה ולא דומיה לי', וכדאיתא בגמ ' (ברכות לב :) 'אמר ר' חמא בר' חנינא, אם ראה אדם שהתפלל ולא נענה יחזור ויתפלל, שנאמר (תהילים כז יד) קוה אל ה ' חזק ויאמץ לבך וקוה אל ה ''. וזאת למדנו מאבותינו , שבך בטחו אבותינו, ואף שלא נענו מיד לא נסוגו אחור ולא התייאשו אלא חזרו ובטחו, וסוף דבר היה ותפלטמו... ומוסיף לפרש עוד בסמיכות הכתובים 'אלוקי אקרא יומם ולא תענה ולילה ולא דומיה לי, ואתה קדוש יושב תהלות ישראל ', שאם רואה שהוא קורא יומם ולילה ולא נענה, אל יאמר חלילה שאין הקב"ה שומע את קולו, אלא אדרבה הקב "ה שומע אותו ומתענג למשמע קולו, אלא שאתה קדוש יושב תהילות ישראל , והוא מחכה ומצפה לשמוע אותו עוד, ועל דרך שאמרו חז"ל (יבמות סד.) 'מפני מה היו אבותינו עקורים מפני שהקב"ה מתאוה לתפלתן של צדיקים '

.דיוק נפלא אמרו לדייק בלשון קדשו של רש "י (מגילה ד. ד"ה ולשנותה ) על הא דאיתא בגמ ' 'חייב אדם לקרות את המגילה (- מגילת אסתר) בלילה ולשנותה ביום ' ופירש רש"י 'זכר לנס שהיו זועקין בימי צרתן יום ולילה ', ולכאורה אם קריאת המגילה היא זכר ל'זעקתם' ביום ובלילה - מה שייך לומר זכר לנס, הא אותם ימים שהיו זועקים ומתפללים היו ימי צרה ולא ימי נס ? אלא, שאכן נס גדול היה באותם הימים , שזעקו יומם ולילה ולא התייאשו, הגם שהיה נראה בדרך הטבע שהכל אבוד וכבר אין מה לעשות ... נחתמה גזירה בעליונים ובתחתונים, והחרב מונחת על צווארם להשמיד להרוג ולאבד ל "ע , מכל מקום הם לא התייאשו אלא המשיכו לדפוק על שערי רחמים אולי

Through Jolt Or Joy

The Midrash compares the zechirah of Shabbos to Amalek and concludes לא דומה כוס של קונדיטון לכוס של חומץ. What is the comparison and what is the Midrash teaching us? Rav Reuvain Katz explains that Klal Yisrael also will be pushed in the right direction either by זכור את יום השבת  - by doing the right thing or זכור עמלק  - being pushed in the right direction by hardship and the Mirash concludes either way we will be led to the same end, it is up to us to choose which path we want to take, the sweeter path or the bitted one.  

The Gemarah Megillah (4a) says we have to read Megillah by night and day. Rashi says לשנותה ביום - זכר לנס שהיו זועקין בימי צרתן יום ולילה. We commemorate the happiness of the victory of Purim but at the same time we also commemorate the difficulty that brought us to that point. This is reflected in the two pessukim the Gemarah cites as a proof to read the Megillah twice, אלהי אקרא יומם ולא תענה ולילה ולא דומיה לי and למען יזמרך כבוד ולא ידום ה' אלהי לעולם אודך. The Megillah serves both as a remembrance of the crying and praise to Hashem. פורים כיפורים - We can before Hashem due to fasting and affliction or through joy. They are two sides of the same coin. Either way we will come to recognize the truth.

Night Of Purim

Rav Amram Gaon (cited in Haghos Mimoni Tefillah Chapter 2 #6) holds that we don't recite al hanissim at night by maariv since it is only said after the Megillah is read. Why? The Divrei Chaim blog in 'Assorted ideas on zachor and Purim' has one explanation. Aa a הוספה I see that the approach of tying the על הניסים to the event of the miracle of the day is linked by Rav Tzvi Ryzman to a chakirah if al hanissim is a halacha in the day of Purim or a law in tefillah to mention מעין המאורע. If it is a law in Purim itself then one can suggest the miracle of the day must be said first but if it is a law in מעין המאורע as part of tefillah (as indicated by Rambam who puts mentioning al hanissim in Laws of Tefillah) then it would not make sense to require Megillah to be read first.    

I would like to share another explanation. 

We find that the main fulfillment of Purim is in the daytime. The mitzvot of Purim can be fulfilled only in the daytime. In addition, in the sugya of a person who moves from a city that reads on the 14th to one that reads to the 15th the Rosh says what determines when a person's obligation in Megillah is where he is on the day of Purim. We see it is the daytime that creates establishes the obligation of the person. Why is the daytime that determines the obligation if we read Megillah at night as well? What we see is that it is the day of Purim that carries the kedushas hayom of Purim. The night is just an obligation of reading of the Megillah but it does not establish the essence of Purim. In light of this Rav Amram holds that one can't say al hanissim at night. Only after the Megillah is read and one has declared the miracle can one say al hanissim (I saw this idea cited in the name of Rav Soloveitchik in Harrerey Kedem siman 13 but I don't have the sefer to check, see also ביסוד דין קריאת המגילה ביום ובלילה ובגדר הלילה דפורים) 

The Mechabar (692:4) says that in a שעת הדחק one can read the Megillah already from פלג המנחה. The Pri Chadash and Gra disagree. In light of this explanation it may be easier to hear how one can be yotzei from plag for it is not a nighttime obligation, it is just an obligation to hear the Megillah during the time connected to Purim. 

Turning Back

Why is a leap year determined by adding a month of Adar, why not any month? Why is the leap month referred to as a second Adar, why not give a new name? The Sefer Yetzirah associates the month of Adar with laughter. What is the connection? And why do we add in rejoicing already from the beginning of Adar? 

The Gemarah Betzah (15b) says אמר רבי יוחנן משום רבי אליעזר ברבי שמעון: הרוצה שיתקיימו נכסיו יטע בהן אדר, שנאמר אדיר במרום ה. Rashi explains אילן חשוב הוא יש לו שם למרחוק ואומרים פלוני יש לו אדר בשדהו ומתוך כך היא נקראת על שמו ואם הולך למדינת הים ובא אחר והחזיק בה יש לו עדים הרבה שהיתה שלו ואילו מכרה היה הקול יוצא להיות נקראת על שמו של שני. On the possuk the Gemarah cites  אדיר במרום ה, Rashi explains שאדר לשון קיום וחוזק ולכך נקרא אדר. We see the word אדר means a form of strength (the Bnei Yissachor in maamer 1 cites this Gemarah in connection to Adar and explains the Gemarah לפי דרכו, עיי"ש.) For further elucidation of the word אדיר the Maharsha in Menachot (53a) says מבואר לשון אדיר מלשון חוזק ואומץ בדרך הידור במתחכם להתחזק על דבר מה (see there his explanation of the Gemarah.) The word Adar means to not just stand up to something but to have the strength to overcome an opposing force. That is why planting the Adar will give one the capability to overcome claims against the person's ownership of the field. It is the ability to be able to reverse the fortune of the the natural flow of events and turn things over.  

With this we can understand the laughter of Adar. As explained on  the blog in the past ('The Laugh Of Yitzchak', 'Laughter') laugher is evoked when there is a curveball. When things don't follow the path that they seemed, but there is a punchline that introduces something else. ונהפוך הוא, when everything is overturned is the greatest joke. This is the joy and the laughter of the month of Adar. It is part of the essence of the month that it is a time of rejoicing. The Purim story with the נהפוך הוא ending happened this month because Adar is the month of rejoicing, it is not a month of rejoicing because of Purim. 

The Kedushas Levi (Parsshas Teruma and Purim) related the word אדר to the אדרת אליהו, the special garment Eliyahu word and he interprets Adar to mean a form of clothing and interprets לפי דרכו עיי"ש. However, that interpretation doesn't fit with Rashi and the Maharsh"a. However, it can be explained in reverse, the word אדרת is related to the word אדר because it was a garment designated for a prophet. When one received prophesy as is clear from pessukim and described by Rambam (Yesodey HaTorah 7:1 וּבָעֵת שֶׁתָּנוּחַ עָלָיו הָרוּחַ, תִּתְעָרֵב נַפְשׁוֹ בְּמַעֲלַת הַמַּלְאָכִים הַנִּקְרָאִים 'אִישִׁים' וְיֵהָפֵךְ לְאִישׁ אַחֵר, the person immersed in prophesy becomes transformed into a different person. The middah of אדיר is present when the person receives prophesy and is given the power to transform his being, ונהפוך הוא לאיש אחר (based upon Rav Moshe Shapiro with added sources.) 

There is another word which shares the last tow letters of the word אדר and that is the word הדר. The Ketav V'kabbalah on the possuk והדרת פני זקן (Vakira 19:32) quoting Shadal says the word הדר is related to the Aramic word הדר (to return) and explains in context there, that when one is in awe of someone else they back off, return, out of fear. Presumably one would say that is why something that is beautiful, הידור מצוה, is the same word, for one steps back to admire the impressive view. The ultimate beauty, the ultimate הדר is when everything is shown to have its purpose. As the Leshem explains this is what תחיית המתים means. It is not merely people coming back to live but as the words say תחיית מתים, giving life to what was dead already. All past events, that which was long left for dead, will be rejuvenated, will be dusted off from the tumah attached to them, and play a role in the ultimate tikkun.  

The ultimate joy, the שחוק that we are awaiting is the אז ימלא שחוק פינו. Purim is a taste of that final joy. The world that seems to be an entity devoid and separate from G-d is revealed to be the place to bring the ultimate tikkun. That is the final laugh. This is why the month of Adar is the leap month. The idea of the leap year is to unify between the solar and the lunar year. To remove the divisions that exist. The division of sun and moon represent the greater division of the world and G-d. The lining up off the schedules of the solar and lunar system represent a מעין of the greater joining of the future. This experience is felt during the Adar month.  

After Adam sins, he is told קץ ודרדר תצמיח לך. The sin of the eitz haddas led to tumah being introduced into the world and now there was a need for a process of birur, to get through thorns and bristles to obtain food. The sin of the eitz haddas is the root of the power of המן as the Gemarah (Chullin 139b) says המן מן התורה מנין? המין העץ. The tikkun to דרדר is אדר when the דר is adjoined to א - אלופו של עולם. And ultimately the דר will turn into a מקום דירה לו יתברך בתחתונים. The month of Adar gives us the ability to turn everything around and bring it back to its ultimate purpose.

Taanis Ester

The Mordechai Megillah (776) says when Taanis Ester is on Shabbos we do the fast earlier, unlike other fasts which are postdated since it is not a fast for bad things that happened. What does he mean? The Rambam Taanis Ch. 5 says  יֵשׁ שָׁם יָמִים שֶׁכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְעַנִּים בָּהֶם מִפְּנֵי הַצָּרוֹת שֶׁאֵרְעוּ בָּהֶן and he delineates the 4 fasts. In halacha 5 he says וְנָהֲגוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּזְמַנִּים אֵלּוּ לְהִתְעַנּוֹת וּבִּשְׁלוֹשָׁה עָשָׂר בַּאֲדָר, זֵכֶר לְתַעֲנִית שֶׁנִּתְעַנּוּ בִּימֵי הָמָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "דִּבְרֵי הַצּוֹמוֹת וְזַעֲקָתָם. We see from the Rambam that Taanis Ester is different from the other fast days which are to remember the hardships of the day, it is a zecher to the fast in the time of Haman. It is not a fast day to remember hardships. 

The Shulchan Aruch (550:4) says that the Shabbos before a fast day that is up to the acceptance of Klal Yisrael it is announced that that the fast is that week and he lists Taanis Eeter as an exception. Why? The Gra says since it is not a reshus but is mandated as the Rambam evokes the possuk דִּבְרֵי הַצּוֹמוֹת וְזַעֲקָתָם. This makes it seem that Taanis Ester is stronger than the other fast days but on the other hand we find the Rema (687) says that it is more lenient and one in even a small measure of pain can break their fast? Rav Zolty (Mishnas Yaavetz #76) says that the difference between Taanis Ester and the other fast days is that the other fast days have the status of a תענית (which has laws beyond not eating of being in a somber state etc.) but Taanis Ester doesn't have the status of a יום תענית it is just a prohibition of eating and drinking. The Rishonim ask how can we fast Taanis Ester if Purim is part of Megillas Taanis which forbids the previous day in fasting as well? The Raavad (cited in Ran Taanis 7a in Rif) says it is not an issue since the fast it זכרון לנס שנעשה בו ויש סמך בפסוק דברי הצומות. Rav Zolty explains he means this idea that it is not a day that is a chalos taanis but as part of Purim we also commemorate the fast. This may be the intent of the Rambam as well who cited the possuk as the basis for the custom to fast.

Rav Zolty understands the intent of the Gra is that this fast is part of the establishment of Purim itself. Just as Purim is forever, so too is Taanis Ester. A support for the idea the assertion that Taanis Ester will remain in the days of Moshiach is supported by the Binyan Shlomo (siman 56.) He proves from Rishonom that they fasted during Bais Sheni. He asks why we say מזמור לתודה on Taanis Ester if they fasted during Bais Sheni they wouldn't have offered the korban as it would diminish the time it could be eaten? However, we see he understands that Taanis Ester applies even בזמן שלום. Rav Zolty says this is what the Rambam says (end of Ch. 2 Laws of Megillah) אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכָּל זִכְרוֹן הַצָּרוֹת יִבָּטֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "כִּי נִשְׁכְּחוּ הַצָּרוֹת הָרִאשֹׁנוֹת וְכִי נִסְתְּרוּ מֵעֵינָי" (ישעיהו סה, טז) - יְמֵי הַפּוּרִים לֹא יִבָּטְלוּ. What is the contrast? The Rambma is contrasting that the tzarah preceding Purim, the Taanis will remain as well because the Taanis is part of the establishment of Purim. 

Rav Tzvi Ryzman cites a Shitas Gaonim that even where there is a second Adar there is a fast of Ester in the first Adar as well. It is clear they hold that the taanis is not tied to the holiday of Purim. This would be not like the idea of Rav Zolty.

Why is Taanis Ester so significantly tied to Purim? The Rambam writes (end of Sefer Mitzvos Hakatzar) the point of Purim is to demonstrate that Hashem answers our prayers. The point of Taanis Ester is to commemorate the day of tefillah that Klal Yisrael had. It is part of the message of Purim itself and therefore is part of the days of Purim. The Tur (693) says כתב רב עמרם ז"ל: מנהג בשתי ישיבות ליפול על פניהם כיון שהוא יום נס ונגאלו בו, צריכין אנו לבקש רחמים שיגאלנו באחרונה כבראשונה. In light of this Rambam it is understood that since the essence of the day is a day of prayer it isa befitting to ask for the ultimate geulah (it is a chiddush to me that tachnun is considered to be asking for the future geulah.)